![]() Although pyromania and arson are both associated with fire-setting, they are different from one another because pyromania is a mental disorder whereas arson is a crime. Pyromania is featured by episodes of deliberate or purposeful start of fire. On the other hand, patients in aversion therapy were asked to hold their breath until mild pain is experienced when an urge to steal arises. Covert sensitisation involves asking the patient to imagine the picture of stealing and getting arrested so that negative consequences could be associated with stealing behaviour. Covert sensitisationand aversion therapy are found effective in treating kleptomania. Their behaviours are also preceded by antecedent cognitions such as “I’m smarter than others and can get away with it”, “I want to prove to myself that I can do it”, and “my family deserves to have better things”.ĬBT is commonly applied to restructure the inappropriate beliefs that are instilled in the kleptomania patients. The stealing behaviours are reinforced by the gain of the tangible items and their escape from punishment despite their stealing behaviours. The feeling of state theory proposed that ICD is due to the formation of association between the intense positive feeling with certain behaviours. Some of them even atoned for their stealing behaviour by returning the items to the victimised store or donating the items to charity. A strong sense of remorseful feeling often arises shortly after their theft. ![]() Kleptomania patients reported the pleasurable feeling during the theft as “a thrill” or “euphoria” although they realised that their act of stealing is wrong. Kleptomania has a prevalence rate of 0.6% and is more likely to occur in females than males. Instead, it is their inability to restrain their impulse of stealing that results in their stealing behaviour. Source: (Picture: Dave Anderson for .uk)Īlthough kleptomania is marked by the act of stealing, kleptomaniacs do not steal for personal gains. This treatment consists of 12 sessions and involves three key components which are relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and coping skills training(on how to resist aggression impulses). Furthermore, abnormal functioning of the brain especially in the area of the limbic system is a viable explanation for the onset of IED because individuals with IED were observed to have a higher amygdala activity than the controls in response to anger stimuli.Ĭognitive Relaxation and Coping Skills Therapy (CRCST) is a form of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) that was found effective in treating IED. Besides that, traumatic childhood experience such as exposure to verbal or physical abuse might be a potential risk factor of IED. Risk factors of IED include genetic factors because IED often runs in families. Criminal charges might also be incurred when individuals with IED perform aggressive behaviours such as assaulting others or damaging properties. As a result of the failure to control aggression, individuals with IED normally have impaired social relationships with others. Having a lifetime prevalence of 3-4%, IED is more prevalent in young adolescents than younger adults and affect slightly more males and females across different ethnicities. IED is characterised by intermittent outbursts of aggression (either in physical or verbal form) that is grossly out of proportion to any precipitating psychosocial stressors. IED, kleptomania, and pyromania were included in the “Disruptive, Impulse-control and Conduct Disorders” chapter of the DSM-V alongside with other conditions related to difficulties in controlling emotions and behaviours such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Nevertheless, pathological gambling and trichotillomania were reclassified as addiction disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder respectively in Diagnostic Statistical Manual, 5 th edition (DSM-V). Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), kleptomania, pyromania, pathological gambling, and trichotillomania (hair pulling) were traditionally viewed as the main forms of ICD. ![]() While deriving a great deal of pleasure and experiencing a sense of relief by performing the behaviours, most (but not all) cases of ICD are often followed by a rush of guilt. This irresistible impulse leads to a mounting tension which urges the performance of the compulsive behaviours. Prior to the onset of their behaviours, individuals with ICD experience an impulse to perform certain acts. Despite the differences in their nature, different forms of ICD follow a similar trajectory. It is defined as “the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the person or to others”. Impulse Control Disorder (ICD) is a heterogeneous category of psychiatric disorder affecting 10.5% of the general population.
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